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Effect of Geometry and Fiber Type on Energy Absorption in Polymer Based Composite Crash Boxes: An Experimental Study
(Wiley, 2025) Kosedag, Ertan; Araz, Zumray; Erkek, Baran
Vehicle crash boxes, mounted on the chassis before the bumper, absorb impact energy to protect passengers, but their metal construction adds weight, prompting increased research into lightweight composite alternatives with comparable strength. In this study, energy absorption values (EA), specific energy absorption (SEA), peak forces (PF) and crashing force efficiency (CFE) of carbon fiber, glass fiber, and aramid fiber reinforced composite crash boxes with epoxy resin matrix were compared. Composite crash boxes with different geometries were fabricated using vacuum infusion method in three different geometries: hexagonal, circle, and square. Unlike hand lay-up and prepreg winding methods, vacuum infusion method was chosen because it provides homogeneous distribution of epoxy resin. The crashworthiness of the samples was evaluated through quasi-static compression tests. The best energy absorption performance was obtained with the hexagonal carbon fiber-reinforced composite crash box (246.17 J), corresponding to a specific energy absorption of 8.57 J/g. Although aramid fiber-reinforced specimens showed lower energy absorption, they exhibited the highest crash force efficiency among all tested configurations. These results confirm the significant influence of both fiber type and geometry on the crashworthiness of polymer-based composite crash boxes. The study highlights that hexagonal geometry consistently provided superior energy absorption across all fiber types, while carbon fiber-reinforced composites demonstrated the best overall mechanical performance, making them strong candidates for lightweight crashworthiness applications.
Effect of Geometry and Fiber Type on Energy Absorption in Polymer Based Composite Crash Boxes: An Experimental Study
(Wiley, 2025) Kosedag, Ertan; Araz, Zumray; Erkek, Baran
Vehicle crash boxes, mounted on the chassis before the bumper, absorb impact energy to protect passengers, but their metal construction adds weight, prompting increased research into lightweight composite alternatives with comparable strength. In this study, energy absorption values (EA), specific energy absorption (SEA), peak forces (PF) and crashing force efficiency (CFE) of carbon fiber, glass fiber, and aramid fiber reinforced composite crash boxes with epoxy resin matrix were compared. Composite crash boxes with different geometries were fabricated using vacuum infusion method in three different geometries: hexagonal, circle, and square. Unlike hand lay-up and prepreg winding methods, vacuum infusion method was chosen because it provides homogeneous distribution of epoxy resin. The crashworthiness of the samples was evaluated through quasi-static compression tests. The best energy absorption performance was obtained with the hexagonal carbon fiber-reinforced composite crash box (246.17 J), corresponding to a specific energy absorption of 8.57 J/g. Although aramid fiber-reinforced specimens showed lower energy absorption, they exhibited the highest crash force efficiency among all tested configurations. These results confirm the significant influence of both fiber type and geometry on the crashworthiness of polymer-based composite crash boxes. The study highlights that hexagonal geometry consistently provided superior energy absorption across all fiber types, while carbon fiber-reinforced composites demonstrated the best overall mechanical performance, making them strong candidates for lightweight crashworthiness applications.
Effects of Escitalopram and Bupropion on Oxidative Stress Parameters and Blood Count Findings in Female Rats
(Yuzuncu Yil Universitesi Tip Fakultesi, 2025) Arihan, Okan; Ergül Erkeç, Ozlem; Doǧan, Abdulahad; Yıldırım, Abdullah
In this study, the effects of two antidepressants with different mechanisms on rat blood oxidative stress parameters and blood count findings were studied. Escitalopram is a selective serotonin reuptake blocker (SSRI) derivative and bupropion has a mechanism of action on noradrenaline and dopamine and increases their synaptic amount by inhibiting their uptake. Adult, female, Wistar-albino rats were divided into 3 different groups with a total of 24 animals. Rats in escitalopram group were administered with 20 mg/kg/day escitalopram and rats in the bupropion group were administered with 20 mg/kg/day bupropion for 28 days via gastric gauge. The rats in the control group were given tap water via gastric gauge. Hematocrit and hemoglobin parameters were significantly higher in Escitalopram and Bupropion than control group. No significant difference was observed in weight gain at the end of 28 days. In this experimental model, 28 days of 20 mg/kg escitalopram or bupropion use did not cause a significant increase in total oxidant status or a significant decrease in total antioxidant status. Oxidative stress index which combines these two findings imply a possible oxidative stress in female rat blood due to Escitalopram treatment. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
Effects of Escitalopram and Bupropion on Oxidative Stress Parameters and Blood Count Findings in Female Rats
(Yuzuncu Yil Universitesi Tip Fakultesi, 2025) Arihan, Okan; Ergül Erkeç, Ozlem; Doǧan, Abdulahad; Yıldırım, Abdullah
In this study, the effects of two antidepressants with different mechanisms on rat blood oxidative stress parameters and blood count findings were studied. Escitalopram is a selective serotonin reuptake blocker (SSRI) derivative and bupropion has a mechanism of action on noradrenaline and dopamine and increases their synaptic amount by inhibiting their uptake. Adult, female, Wistar-albino rats were divided into 3 different groups with a total of 24 animals. Rats in escitalopram group were administered with 20 mg/kg/day escitalopram and rats in the bupropion group were administered with 20 mg/kg/day bupropion for 28 days via gastric gauge. The rats in the control group were given tap water via gastric gauge. Hematocrit and hemoglobin parameters were significantly higher in Escitalopram and Bupropion than control group. No significant difference was observed in weight gain at the end of 28 days. In this experimental model, 28 days of 20 mg/kg escitalopram or bupropion use did not cause a significant increase in total oxidant status or a significant decrease in total antioxidant status. Oxidative stress index which combines these two findings imply a possible oxidative stress in female rat blood due to Escitalopram treatment. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles From Melanoleuca Grammopodia: Changes in Bioactive Components, Antidiabetic Properties and Bioaccessibility
(TUBITAK, 2025) Acar, İsmail; Okumus, Emine; Karatas, Arzu
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using plant materials allows the production of low-cost and biocompatible nanoparticles without the use of toxic compounds or solvents. In this study, biogenic AgNP/Mg nanoparticles were synthesized using the Melanoleuca grammopodia mushroom. Vitamin C and E contents of the mushroom were 42.6 mg/g and 26.82 mg/g, respectively. FTIR analysis revealed the reducing and stabilizing effects of bioactive components present in M. grammopodia mushroom extract. SEM micrographs showed that the nanoparticles were spherical in form and the EDX spectrum confirmed the presence of the characteristic metallic silver peak at 3.0 keV. A significant reduction in the amounts of phenolic compounds in the mushroom extract and nanoparticles was observed after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion (p < 0.05). The bioaccessibility values of nanoparticles for gallic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid and protocatechuic acid were determined as 33.46%, 43.25%, 32.18% and 41.49%, respectively. A significant increase in thermal resistance, antioxidant activity (22.50 mg/mL), antilipid peroxidation (4.41 mg/mL), antidiabetic properties (6.02 mg/mL) and bioaccessibility of AgNP/Mg compared to the mushroom extract was detected. This is the first study in which the bioactive components of the M. grammopodia mushroom species were determined and changes and developments in the synthesized nanoparticles were compared with the mushroom extract. The results revealed that this mushroom species and its silver nanoparticles may be a natural and valuable resource with potential applications, especially in the fields of chemistry, pharmacology, and medicine. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles From Melanoleuca Grammopodia: Changes in Bioactive Components, Antidiabetic Properties and Bioaccessibility
(TUBITAK, 2025) Acar, İsmail; Okumus, Emine; Karatas, Arzu
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using plant materials allows the production of low-cost and biocompatible nanoparticles without the use of toxic compounds or solvents. In this study, biogenic AgNP/Mg nanoparticles were synthesized using the Melanoleuca grammopodia mushroom. Vitamin C and E contents of the mushroom were 42.6 mg/g and 26.82 mg/g, respectively. FTIR analysis revealed the reducing and stabilizing effects of bioactive components present in M. grammopodia mushroom extract. SEM micrographs showed that the nanoparticles were spherical in form and the EDX spectrum confirmed the presence of the characteristic metallic silver peak at 3.0 keV. A significant reduction in the amounts of phenolic compounds in the mushroom extract and nanoparticles was observed after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion (p < 0.05). The bioaccessibility values of nanoparticles for gallic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid and protocatechuic acid were determined as 33.46%, 43.25%, 32.18% and 41.49%, respectively. A significant increase in thermal resistance, antioxidant activity (22.50 mg/mL), antilipid peroxidation (4.41 mg/mL), antidiabetic properties (6.02 mg/mL) and bioaccessibility of AgNP/Mg compared to the mushroom extract was detected. This is the first study in which the bioactive components of the M. grammopodia mushroom species were determined and changes and developments in the synthesized nanoparticles were compared with the mushroom extract. The results revealed that this mushroom species and its silver nanoparticles may be a natural and valuable resource with potential applications, especially in the fields of chemistry, pharmacology, and medicine. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
High-Frequency Link Voltage Multiplexing for Multi-Level Inverters With Optimized Transformer Windings
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2025) Hataş, Hasan
The need for more than one voltage source in multilevel inverters (MLI) increases the system cost and circuit complexity. In this study, a voltage multiplexing method with a high frequency link (HFL) structure is proposed as a solution to the problem in question. Unlike the traditional HFL application, a half H -bridge is added to the input of the transformer and thus the obtained voltage is diversified. The output voltage is provided by a separate H-bridge circuit by preserving the isolation of the input and output voltages. The winding ratios of the transformer are determined by optimizing the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the output voltage with the NLC method. The proposed topology provides a low THD value of 1 1. 7 3% despite different voltage steps. In addition, simulations performed under various amplitude and frequency conditions using the SPWM technique have shown that the proposed method is effective and applicable. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
High-Frequency Link Voltage Multiplexing for Multi-Level Inverters With Optimized Transformer Windings
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2025) Hataş, Hasan
The need for more than one voltage source in multilevel inverters (MLI) increases the system cost and circuit complexity. In this study, a voltage multiplexing method with a high frequency link (HFL) structure is proposed as a solution to the problem in question. Unlike the traditional HFL application, a half H -bridge is added to the input of the transformer and thus the obtained voltage is diversified. The output voltage is provided by a separate H-bridge circuit by preserving the isolation of the input and output voltages. The winding ratios of the transformer are determined by optimizing the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the output voltage with the NLC method. The proposed topology provides a low THD value of 1 1. 7 3% despite different voltage steps. In addition, simulations performed under various amplitude and frequency conditions using the SPWM technique have shown that the proposed method is effective and applicable. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
Citation - Scopus: 1
Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Sinapis Arvensis Biomass Using TiO2-Supported Metal Catalysts: A Study on Bio-Oil Yield and Composition
(Elsevier, 2026) Durak, Halil; Genel, Salih; Genel, Yasar
The development of catalytic systems for hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is crucial for transforming lignocellulosic biomass into biofuels with high energy density. This research investigates the HTL process of Sinapis arvensis biomass using TiO2-supported catalysts, specifically Fe, Al, and Fe-Al, at temperatures from 275-325 degrees C. The catalysts were synthesized through incipient wetness impregnation and characterized using techniques like X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) to evaluate element distribution and surface chemistry. Findings show that the Al/TiO2 catalyst boosted lighter bio-oil production via acid-catalyzed dehydration and decarboxylation, while the Fe/TiO2 catalyst favored heavier oils through redox-assisted depolymerization. The Fe-Al/TiO2 bifunctional catalyst exhibited superior biomass conversion, yielding more aliphatic hydrocarbons. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed how catalysts influenced product distributions, increasing monoaromatic and aliphatic compounds and reducing oxygenated entities. Elemental analysis confirmed higher carbon content, lower oxygen levels, and improved higher heating values (HHVs) in catalyzed bio-oils, indicating enhanced fuel quality.
Citation - Scopus: 1
Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Sinapis Arvensis Biomass Using TiO2-Supported Metal Catalysts: A Study on Bio-Oil Yield and Composition
(Elsevier, 2026) Durak, Halil; Genel, Salih; Genel, Yasar
The development of catalytic systems for hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is crucial for transforming lignocellulosic biomass into biofuels with high energy density. This research investigates the HTL process of Sinapis arvensis biomass using TiO2-supported catalysts, specifically Fe, Al, and Fe-Al, at temperatures from 275-325 degrees C. The catalysts were synthesized through incipient wetness impregnation and characterized using techniques like X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) to evaluate element distribution and surface chemistry. Findings show that the Al/TiO2 catalyst boosted lighter bio-oil production via acid-catalyzed dehydration and decarboxylation, while the Fe/TiO2 catalyst favored heavier oils through redox-assisted depolymerization. The Fe-Al/TiO2 bifunctional catalyst exhibited superior biomass conversion, yielding more aliphatic hydrocarbons. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed how catalysts influenced product distributions, increasing monoaromatic and aliphatic compounds and reducing oxygenated entities. Elemental analysis confirmed higher carbon content, lower oxygen levels, and improved higher heating values (HHVs) in catalyzed bio-oils, indicating enhanced fuel quality.
Impact of E-Service Quality on Direct Booking Intentions in Hotels: The Mediating Effects of E-Satisfaction and E-Trust
(Emerald Publishing, 2025) Rol, Serkan; Alaeddinoğlu, Faruk
Purpose Despite the increasing trend of online hotel bookings, understanding the factors that influence consumers’ intentions to book directly through hotel websites remains essential. This study aims to investigate the effect of e-service quality in hotel websites on consumers’ direct booking intention, as well as the underlying mechanism involving e-satisfaction and e-trust perceptions. Design/methodology/approach This study used a quantitative methodology using a structured online survey approach. To quantify the role of mediation, PROCESS macro was used. Since the study aimed to examine multiple mediation effects, Model 4 with a parallel mediation model was applied. Findings Based on a survey of 393 participants, this study reveals a significant relationship between e-service quality and consumers’ direct booking intention. In addition, perceptions of e-satisfaction and e-trust partially mediate the impact of e-service quality, underscoring its pivotal role in enhancing direct bookings for accommodation businesses. Practical implications Hoteliers should prioritize enhancing e-service quality and fostering positive e-satisfaction and e-trust perceptions to increase direct bookings; in doing so, they can lessen their reliance on intermediaries. Originality/value This study contributes significantly to existing knowledge of direct booking intention by examining the associations between e-service quality, e-satisfaction, e-trust and direct booking intention on hotel websites. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
Impact of E-Service Quality on Direct Booking Intentions in Hotels: The Mediating Effects of E-Satisfaction and E-Trust
(Emerald Publishing, 2025) Rol, Serkan; Alaeddinoğlu, Faruk
Purpose Despite the increasing trend of online hotel bookings, understanding the factors that influence consumers’ intentions to book directly through hotel websites remains essential. This study aims to investigate the effect of e-service quality in hotel websites on consumers’ direct booking intention, as well as the underlying mechanism involving e-satisfaction and e-trust perceptions. Design/methodology/approach This study used a quantitative methodology using a structured online survey approach. To quantify the role of mediation, PROCESS macro was used. Since the study aimed to examine multiple mediation effects, Model 4 with a parallel mediation model was applied. Findings Based on a survey of 393 participants, this study reveals a significant relationship between e-service quality and consumers’ direct booking intention. In addition, perceptions of e-satisfaction and e-trust partially mediate the impact of e-service quality, underscoring its pivotal role in enhancing direct bookings for accommodation businesses. Practical implications Hoteliers should prioritize enhancing e-service quality and fostering positive e-satisfaction and e-trust perceptions to increase direct bookings; in doing so, they can lessen their reliance on intermediaries. Originality/value This study contributes significantly to existing knowledge of direct booking intention by examining the associations between e-service quality, e-satisfaction, e-trust and direct booking intention on hotel websites. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
Citation - WoS: 7
Citation - Scopus: 9
Input contract testing of graphical user interfaces
(World Scientific Publ Co Pte Ltd, 2016) Tuglular, Tugkan; Belli, Fevzi; Linschulte, Michael; Tuğlular, Tuğkan; Bilgisayar Mühendisliği Bölümü
User inputs are critical for the security, safety, and reliability of software systems. This paper proposes a new concept called user input contracts, which is an integral part of a design-by-contract supplemented development process, and a model-based testing approach to detect violations of user input contracts. The approach generates test cases from an input contract integrated with graph-based model of user interface specification and applies them to the system under consideration. The paper presents a proof-of-concept tool that has been developed and used to validate the approach by experiments. The experiments are conducted on a web-based system for marketing tourist services to analyze input robustness of system under consideration with respect to user input contracts.
A Lightweight Mobile Deep Learning Framework for Real-Time Plant Disease Detection in Smart Agriculture
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2025) Avcı, İsa; Koca, Murat; Khan, Yahya Zakrya
It is imperative to detect plant diseases early to enhance agricultural productivity and ensure food security. Conventional diagnostic techniques, which rely on the analysis of experts, are often laborious, expensive and less accessible, particularly in isolated regions. The present study proposes an automated plant disease detection system optimized using deep learning. The system utilizes Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). The proposed approach integrates advanced preprocessing techniques, including data augmentation, resizing, and normalization, to enhance model robustness and generalization. To facilitate deployment on mobile devices with limited resources, the MobileNetV2 architecture was optimized through quantization and conversion to TensorFlow Lite (TFLite). This approach resulted in a substantial reduction in computational complexity while maintaining an elevated level of classification accuracy. The mobile application, developed using Kotlin, facilitates the capture or upload of plant images and the execution of real-time disease detection directly on the device, thus obviating server communication. The experimental results demonstrate that the MobileNetV2 (Optimized) model achieved an accuracy of 99.48%, an F 1-score of 99%, and an AUC of 1.00, thus confirming its effectiveness for real-world agricultural applications. This study demonstrates the considerable potential of lightweight and efficient AI-driven solutions to transform the realm of plant disease detection, thereby rendering precision agriculture more accessible, particularly in resourceconstrained environments. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
A Lightweight Mobile Deep Learning Framework for Real-Time Plant Disease Detection in Smart Agriculture
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2025) Avcı, İsa; Koca, Murat; Khan, Yahya Zakrya
It is imperative to detect plant diseases early to enhance agricultural productivity and ensure food security. Conventional diagnostic techniques, which rely on the analysis of experts, are often laborious, expensive and less accessible, particularly in isolated regions. The present study proposes an automated plant disease detection system optimized using deep learning. The system utilizes Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). The proposed approach integrates advanced preprocessing techniques, including data augmentation, resizing, and normalization, to enhance model robustness and generalization. To facilitate deployment on mobile devices with limited resources, the MobileNetV2 architecture was optimized through quantization and conversion to TensorFlow Lite (TFLite). This approach resulted in a substantial reduction in computational complexity while maintaining an elevated level of classification accuracy. The mobile application, developed using Kotlin, facilitates the capture or upload of plant images and the execution of real-time disease detection directly on the device, thus obviating server communication. The experimental results demonstrate that the MobileNetV2 (Optimized) model achieved an accuracy of 99.48%, an F 1-score of 99%, and an AUC of 1.00, thus confirming its effectiveness for real-world agricultural applications. This study demonstrates the considerable potential of lightweight and efficient AI-driven solutions to transform the realm of plant disease detection, thereby rendering precision agriculture more accessible, particularly in resourceconstrained environments. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
Mixed Hydrogenetic-Hydrothermal Genesis of Quaternary Ferromanganese Nodules in a Tectonically Active Lacustrine Basin, Eastern Türkiye
(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2025) Uner, Tijen
This study presents a detailed investigation of the mineralogical, geochemical, and rare earth element (REE) characteristics of ferromanganese nodules found within Quaternary lacustrine sediments in the Agri region of Eastern Anatolia, T & uuml;rkiye. These nodules, primarily composed of goethite and manganite with minor quartz, exhibit botryoidal and colloform textures typical of low-temperature diagenetic environments. Raman and XRD analyses identified significant iron and manganese mineral phases, while SEM-EDX revealed trace amounts of Co, Ni, and Zn associated with these phases. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns demonstrate light REE enrichment, a weak negative europium anomaly (EuN/Eu* = 0.69-0.84), and variable cerium anomalies (CeN/Ce* ranging from 0.74 to 1.95, corresponding to both weak negative and positive Ce anomalies), indicating a mixed hydrogenous and hydrothermal origin under fluctuating redox conditions. These geochemical signatures, together with sedimentological evidence, suggest formation within a restricted lacustrine environment characterized by episodic anoxia and limited detrital input. The results contribute to a broader understanding of Fe-Mn mineralization in continental settings and underscore the influence of volcanic and tectonic processes on nodule genesis.
Mixed Hydrogenetic-Hydrothermal Genesis of Quaternary Ferromanganese Nodules in a Tectonically Active Lacustrine Basin, Eastern Türkiye
(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2025) Uner, Tijen
This study presents a detailed investigation of the mineralogical, geochemical, and rare earth element (REE) characteristics of ferromanganese nodules found within Quaternary lacustrine sediments in the Agri region of Eastern Anatolia, T & uuml;rkiye. These nodules, primarily composed of goethite and manganite with minor quartz, exhibit botryoidal and colloform textures typical of low-temperature diagenetic environments. Raman and XRD analyses identified significant iron and manganese mineral phases, while SEM-EDX revealed trace amounts of Co, Ni, and Zn associated with these phases. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns demonstrate light REE enrichment, a weak negative europium anomaly (EuN/Eu* = 0.69-0.84), and variable cerium anomalies (CeN/Ce* ranging from 0.74 to 1.95, corresponding to both weak negative and positive Ce anomalies), indicating a mixed hydrogenous and hydrothermal origin under fluctuating redox conditions. These geochemical signatures, together with sedimentological evidence, suggest formation within a restricted lacustrine environment characterized by episodic anoxia and limited detrital input. The results contribute to a broader understanding of Fe-Mn mineralization in continental settings and underscore the influence of volcanic and tectonic processes on nodule genesis.
Citation - WoS: 17
Citation - Scopus: 30
A Performance and profit oriented data replication strategy for cloud systems
(Ieee, 2016) Tos, Uras; Mokadem, Riad; Hameurlain, Abdelkader; Ayav, Tolga; Bora, Sebnem; Ayav, Tolga; Bilgisayar Mühendisliği Bölümü
In today's world, tenants of cloud systems expect timely responses to queries that process ever-increasing sizes of data. However, most cloud providers offer their services without any performance guarantees to their tenants. In this paper we propose a data replication strategy that aims to satisfy performance guarantees for the tenant while ensuring profitability of the cloud provider. Our strategy estimates the response time of the queries, as well as the expenditures that affect the profitability of the cloud provider. The decision of whether to perform replication is determined by the fulfillment of these two criteria. Validity of the proposed strategy is provided by means of a simulation study.
Synthesis and Characterisation of Pd/MIL68(Al) Nanoparticles for High Performance Catalytic Reduction of 4-Nitrophenol
(Springer, 2025) Ruzgar, Adem
The discharge of 4-nitrophenol, one of the most significant, widespread, and hazardous organic pollutants found in industrial wastewater, into clean water resources without undergoing adequate and necessary treatment/conversion processes has become a multidimensional issue that threatens all aquatic life. In this study, the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol using an efficient, environmentally friendly, and sustainable method was targeted. For this purpose, Pd/MIL68(Al) catalyst was prepared with 2% metal loading using a simple and conventional wet impregnation method. MIL68(Al), an MOF recently attracting attention due to its superior properties, was synthesised using an efficient and environmentally friendly method as support material in the first step of nanocatalyst synthesis. The prepared Pd/MIL68(Al) catalyst was tested in the reaction of the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol in the presence of NaBH4 by considering different parameters. In the study where the structure and surface morphology of the Pd/MIL68(Al) catalyst were elucidated using characterisation techniques such as ICP-OES, XRD, SEM, SEM/EDX, TEM, FTIR and XPS, it was determined that Pd(0) nanoparticles were well dispersed on the MIL68(Al) support, with an average particle size of 3.25 +/- 0.22 nm. As a result of the interpretation of the data obtained from the study, the TOFinitial value for 4-NP was determined as 43.42 min-1. In the studies carried out to determine the reusability rate of Pd/MIL68(Al) nanocatalyst, it was determined that Pd/MIL68(Al) nanocatalyst exhibited excellent catalytic efficiency and stability (92%) even after five catalytic cycles. Both the simple preparation process, catalytic efficiency, and high reusability rate of the Pd/MIL68(Al) nanocatalyst are the grounds for the evaluation of Pd/MIL68(Al) nanocatalyst as an important alternative for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol and wastewater treatment.
Synthesis and Characterisation of Pd/MIL68(Al) Nanoparticles for High Performance Catalytic Reduction of 4-Nitrophenol
(Springer, 2025) Ruzgar, Adem
The discharge of 4-nitrophenol, one of the most significant, widespread, and hazardous organic pollutants found in industrial wastewater, into clean water resources without undergoing adequate and necessary treatment/conversion processes has become a multidimensional issue that threatens all aquatic life. In this study, the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol using an efficient, environmentally friendly, and sustainable method was targeted. For this purpose, Pd/MIL68(Al) catalyst was prepared with 2% metal loading using a simple and conventional wet impregnation method. MIL68(Al), an MOF recently attracting attention due to its superior properties, was synthesised using an efficient and environmentally friendly method as support material in the first step of nanocatalyst synthesis. The prepared Pd/MIL68(Al) catalyst was tested in the reaction of the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol in the presence of NaBH4 by considering different parameters. In the study where the structure and surface morphology of the Pd/MIL68(Al) catalyst were elucidated using characterisation techniques such as ICP-OES, XRD, SEM, SEM/EDX, TEM, FTIR and XPS, it was determined that Pd(0) nanoparticles were well dispersed on the MIL68(Al) support, with an average particle size of 3.25 +/- 0.22 nm. As a result of the interpretation of the data obtained from the study, the TOFinitial value for 4-NP was determined as 43.42 min-1. In the studies carried out to determine the reusability rate of Pd/MIL68(Al) nanocatalyst, it was determined that Pd/MIL68(Al) nanocatalyst exhibited excellent catalytic efficiency and stability (92%) even after five catalytic cycles. Both the simple preparation process, catalytic efficiency, and high reusability rate of the Pd/MIL68(Al) nanocatalyst are the grounds for the evaluation of Pd/MIL68(Al) nanocatalyst as an important alternative for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol and wastewater treatment.

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